Worksheet: J3

Worksheets are self-guided activities that reinforce lectures. They are due Thursdays the week they are assigned.

Please submit your answers to the questions as comments in a J3.md markdown file you’ll be writing in this lab. To render your file, create a github repo and upload your file there – it can be viewed in your web browser.

Grading rubric and submission

When you are done, submit your J3.md file to BB.

You will be graded on the following:

Item	Points
Answers are completed (for content)	100

Note

Attempt to answer these questions before running the code. This will improve your ability to analyze and reason about code without an IDE or compiler. This skill we be helpful on the exams.

Questions

Define polymorphism in the context of Java and provide one example where it is valuable?

Consider the following program from the class notes

public class Ex3 {
  public static void main(String[] args) {
    Random   rand = new Random(System.currentTimeMillis());
    Point    v    = new Point(3, 4);
    LabPoint w    = new LabPoint(5, 2, "A");
    String   x    = "I'm a string";
    Scanner  y    = new Scanner(System.in);

    Object u;
    int i = rand.nextInt(4);

    if( i == 0 )
      u = v;
    else if( i == 1 )
      u = w;
    else if( i == 2 )
      u = x;
    else
      u = y;
    System.out.println(u.toString()); //<--
  }
}

Explain how polymorphism makes this program possible.

What is the output of this program? You should be able to do this without running the program!

class A {
    public String toString(){
        return "A";
    }
}

class B extends A{
    public String toString() {
        return "B";
    }
}

class C extends A {
    public String toString() {
        return super.toString();
    }
}

class D extends C {
    public String toString() {
        return super.toString();
    }
}

public class tmp {
    public static void main(final String args[]) {
        D d = new D();
        System.out.println(d.toString());
    }
}

What is the output of this program? You should be able to do this without running the program!

class A {
    public String toString() {
        return "A";
    }
    
    public String fancyToString() {
        return "~~A~~";
    }
}

class B extends A {
    public String toString() {
        A letterA = this;
        return letterA.fancyToString();
    }
    public String fancyToString() {
        return "~~B~~";
    }
}

public class LetterPrinter {
    public static void main(final String args[]) {
        B letterB = new B();
        System.out.print(letterB.toString() + " ");
        
        A letterA = letterB;
        System.out.println(letterA.toString());
    }
}

What is the output of this program? You should be able to do this without running the program!

class A {
    public String toString() {
        return "A";
    }
    
    public String fancyToString() {
        return "~~A~~";
    }
}

class B extends A {
    public String fancyToString(){
        return "~~B~~";
    }
}

public class LetterPrinter {
    public static void main(final String args[]) {
        B letterB = new B();
        System.out.print(letterB.toString() + " ");
        
        A letterA = letterB;
        System.out.println(letterA.toString());
    }
}

What is the output of this program? You should do this without running the program.

class A {
    public String toString() {
        return "A";
    }
}

class B extends A {
    public String toString() {
        return "B";
    }
}

public class PolymorphicOverload {
    public void foo(B letterB1, B letterB2) {
        // 2
        System.out.println("foo2: " + letterB1 + " " + letterB2);
    }

    public void foo(A letterA1, A letterA2) {
        // 1
        System.out.println("foo1: " + letterA1 + " " + letterA2);
    }
    public static void main(String args[]) {
        PolymorphicOverload f = new PolymorphicOverload();
        B letterB = new B();
        A letterA = (A) new B();
        f.foo(letterB, letterA);
    }
}

Suppose you had the following class structures

public class Species {
    String genus;
    String species;
    public Species(String g, String s) {
        genus = g;
        species = s;
    }
    
    public Species(Species s) {
        genus = s.genus;
        species = s.species;
    }
    
    public String toString() {
        return genus + " " + species;
    }
}

public class Breed extends Species {
    protected String breed;

    public Breed(String b, String g, String s) {
        super(g, s);
        breed = b;
    }

    public Breed(String b, Species s) {
        super(s);
        breed = b;
    }

    public String toString() {
        return super.toString() + "(" + breed + ")";
    }
}

public class Pet {
    String name;
    Species species;

    public Pet(String n, Species s) {
       name = n;
       species = s;
    }

    public String toString() {
        String ret = "Name: " + name + "\n";
        ret += "Species: " + species;
        retunr ret;
    }       
}

What is the output of the following snippet of code? If there is an ERROR, describe the error. You should not need to run the code to determine the output.

    
   Species dog = new Species("Canis","Familaris");
   Breed shorthair = new Breed("shorthair", new Species("Felis","Catus"));
   Pet fluffy = new Pet("fluffy", new Breed("pomeranian", dog));
   Pet george = new Pet("george", dog);
   Pet brutus = new Pet("brutus", (Species) shorthair);
   
   System.out.println(fluffy);
   System.out.println(george);
   System.out.println(brutus);

Consider the following classes

public class A {
    public int foo() {
        return 42;
    }

    public int bar() {
        return foo() + 8;
    }
}

public class B extends C {
    public int foo() {
        return 41;
    }

    public char baz() {
        return "y";
    }
}

public class C extends A {
    public char baz() {
        return "x";
    }
}

public class D extends A {
    public int bar() {
        return 7;
    }
}

public class E extends C {
    public int bar() {
        return foo() + 20;
    }
}

Consider a mystery function that returns a object of the given class. You do not know the definition of the mystery function, other than it compiles properly and returns an object of the class. For each of the following method calls marked below, indicate the value of the output, if the output cannot be determined, or if there is an error.

A a = mysteryA(); //<-- mystery function, this line compiles (the below may not!)
System.out.println(a.foo()); //<-- Mark A.1
System.out.println(a.bar()); //<-- Mark A.2
System.out.println(a.baz()); //<-- Mark A.3


B b = mysteryB(); //<-- mystery function, this line compiles (the below may not!)
System.out.println(b.foo()); //<-- Mark B.1
System.out.println(b.bar()); //<-- Mark B.2
System.out.println(b.baz()); //<-- Mark B.3

D d = mysteryD(); //<-- mystery function, this line compiles (the below may not!)
System.out.println(d.foo()); //<-- Mark D.1
System.out.println(d.bar()); //<-- Mark D.2
System.out.println(d.baz()); //<-- Mark D.3

What is the difference between a class and an abstract class? From a software engineering perspective, why would you ever want to use an abstract class instead of a regular class?
If you were to create an abstract class for a Car – what features could be defined in the implemented class vs. what could be defined in the abstract class? Provide justifications for your design.