Worksheet: J9

Submit a file called worksheet-J9.md to BB.

Questions

1. What is the difference between a functional and non-functional requirement?

   Reveal Solution

   Both must be testable and capture behavior of the system, but a non-functional requirement is usually some kind of “-ity” (usability, compatibility, security, speed, performance, etc.) that isn’t generally something that a single developer could code up (like, for example, a widget on a GUI).

2. Give two example functional requirements for Instagram.com.

   Reveal Solution

   Many options here;

   • The system shall allow the user to upload a photo to their account.
   • The system shall allow the user to ‘like’ photos of users they are following

3. Give two example non-functional requirements for Instagram.com.

   Reveal Solution

   Many options here;

   • The system shall encrypt all passwords stored in the database
   • The system shall load each image within one second

4. Draw a use case diagram for Instagram.com with at least three uses cases shown, where at least one use case extends another, and there are two actors.

   Reveal Solution

   Answers given in class.

5. Why has software engineering evolved to often embrace agile development models over waterfall ones?

   Reveal Solution

   It is generally impossible to obtain clear, consistent, and complete requirements up-front at the start of a software project, as the waterfall model assumes. Therefore, agile approaches can be used to have flexibility around the requirements discovery that inevitably happens during the software development process.

6. Draw a diagram where there are at least two interconnected paths: a critical path, and at least one non-critical path.

   Reveal Solution

   Answers given in class.

7. What is the difference between a design pattern and a java library?

   Reveal Solution

   A design pattern is a template, not code.

8. Using the Singleton pattern, write code/pseudocode that ensures that only one database connection object is ever instantiated.

   Reveal Solution

   public class DBSingleton {
   
       private static DBSingleton singletonInstance;
       private static DBConnection connection;
   
       private DBSingleton(String user, String password, String schema) {
           connection = new DBConnection(user, password, schema);
       }
   
       public static synchronized DBSingleton getInstance() {
           if (singletonInstance == null) {
               singletonInstance = new DBSingleton("kinga", "passy", "book_database");
           }
   
           return singletonInstance;
       }
   }
   

9. Assume there is an Animal abstract parent class that has the following constructor: public Animal(String name, int weight.

   Using the Factory pattern, write code/pseudocode that sets up a factory for two child classes of Animal: Bird and Mammal. Each of these has a constructor with the same arguments as those of the parent class.

   Reveal Solution

   public class AnimalFactory {

   public static Animal getAnimal(String type, String name, int weight){
   switch(type){
   case “bird”:
   return new Bird(name, weight);
   case “beast”:
   return new Mammal(name, weight);
   }
   return null;
   }
   }

10. Imagine we have some code for an aquarium that works nicely to schedule feeding the fish in all the tanks, and cleaning the tanks:

    public class Aquarium {
    	public void feedAll(ArrayList<Fish> tanks, int numFishInTank) {...}
    	public void cleanAll(ArrayList<Fish> tanks)
    }
    
    

    This code works well with the following Fish class:

    public class Fish{
    	public void feed(String food, int weight) {...}
    	public void clean(String cleaningProduct) {...}
    }
    

    We also, one day, inherit an animal hospital, where each patient is solo in a cage. We want to be able to use the code above to feed and clean the cages of all the animals, but our hospital has the following API for the mammals they serve:

    public class Mammal{
    	public void feed(String food, int weight, String medication) {...}
    	public void clean() {...}
    }
    

    Use the Adapter pattern to allow us to use the Mammal class with the Aquarium class above. Each animal is housed alone in its cage during its visit. All mammals are given the same medication, namely, "antibiotics".

    Reveal Solution

    public class MammalAdapter extends Fish {
    private Mammal mammal;
    public MammalAdapter(Mammal m){
    mammal = m;
    }

    public void feed(String food, int weight) {
    mammal.feed(food, weight, “antibiotics”);
    }

    public void clean(String cleaningProduct) {
    mammal.clean();
    }
    }

11. What is the benefit of the Bridge design pattern? Why use one?

    Reveal Solution

    Refactoring your code using the Bridge design pattern eliminates the state space explosion of having a separate class for all the possible combinations of the N dimensions of features the system must model. When adding a new dimension with two options, you don’t need to double the number of classes you have; you can just add a single field to your main class.

12. When would you use Java over C++? C++ over Java?

    Reveal Solution

    Many answers here, but commonly Java is slower but better for large group projects that would benefit from OOP and garbage collection. C++ is often used in places where computational speed matters and folks don’t want to rely on garbage collection.

13. What is static versus dynamic typing? How is dynamic binding related to these concepts?

    Reveal Solution

    Static typing, like in Java, defines and checks variable types at compile time. Dynamic typing, like in Python, decides a variable’s type at runtime depending on what was assigned to it (and this type can change during the run of the program). Dynamic binding, in Java, still relies on the compiler to check for types statically, but through inheritance binds the code that will be run for various overridden methods at runtime depending on the runtime type of the object.